Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of polymers. Polymer definition is a chemical compound or mixture of compounds formed by polymerization and consisting essentially of repeating structural units. Examples of such polymers are polyvinyl alcohol, polyethylene, polystyrene, polysulfone, etc 1. Artificially produced polymers include plastics, elastomers, fibers, and materials of intermediate characteristics. One of the most useful of the natural polymers was rubber, obtained from the sap. When you get up in the morning and brush your teeth, the toothbrush you have is. Polymers are very abundant on the surface of earth. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymers. Classification of polymers based on source 5 natural polymers.
Due to their broad range of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play essential and ubiquitous roles in everyday life. Due to their broad range of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play an essential and ubiquitous role in everyday life. Polymer definition, a compound of high molecular weight derived either by the addition of many smaller molecules, as polyethylene, or by the condensation of many smaller molecules with the elimination of water, alcohol, or the like, as nylon. Linear polymers these polymers consist of long and straight chains. The small buildingblock molecules are called monomers. Providing an updated and comprehensive account of the properties of solid polymers, the book covers all aspects of mechanical behaviour. Synthetic polymers are a mainstay of modern life, but nature also makes polymers. Due to their broad range of properties, both synthetic and natural polymers play an. Polymers are formed by linking monomers through chemical reactioncalled polymerization. Polymers definition of polymers by medical dictionary. Because the molecules consist of many monomers, polymers tend to have high molecular masses. Polymers have been emerging to be the cornerstones for therapeutic applications as well as the largest and versatile class of biomaterials. Starch, cellulose, and rubber all possess polymeric properties.
Thus for many polymers, reduced crystallinity may also be associated with increased transparency. Classification of polymers on the basis of inter molecular. The application and theory of polymers continues to expand. A polymer is a large molecule composed of many repeated subunits, known as monomers. Molecularly imprinted polymers for cell recognition pdf. Get polymers chemistry class 12 hindi ebooks, notes pdf download in class 12 science nonmedical notes, pdf ebooks section at. Examples of synthetic polymers include polyethylene, pet, pvc, kevlar, and nylon. Polymers definition of polymers by the free dictionary. Mechanical properties of solid polymers, 3rd edition wiley. Polymers usually have high melting and boiling points. Polymers are durable, lightweight, easy, and cheap to make. Any of numerous natural and synthetic compounds of usually high molecular weight consisting of up to millions of repeated linked units, each a relatively. Polymers in the natural world have been around since the beginning of time.
Polymers with a degree of crystallinity approaching zero or one will tend to be transparent, while polymers with intermediate degrees of crystallinity will tend to be opaque due to light scattering by crystalline or glassy regions. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymer structures university tennessee, dept. This chapter discusses polymers definition and their general properties, methods of preparation, major classifications based on different criteria along with the properties and characteristics of each class, advantages of polymers over other materials, especially. Ncert solutions for class 12 chemistry chapter 15 polymers. Examples of saturated all bonds are single ones hydrocarbon molecules. By way of example, consider a polymer such as polyethene which, in a normal commercial sample, will be made up of molecules having to 2000 ch, groups in continuous chains. Cellulose derivatives as cellulose acetate rayon and cellulose nitrate, etc. Natural polymers from the greek poly meaning many and meros meaning parts are found in many forms such as horns of animals, tortoise shell, shellac from the lac beetle, rosin from pine trees, asphalt, and tar from distillation of organic materials. He in1919 first published this concept that high molecular mass compounds were composed of long covalently bonded molecules. Primitives, the drivers for maximum card information integrated beverages sis m760 is bad.
Synthetic polymers can be designed and synthesized with a broad variety of structures and appropriate physical and chemical properties for suitable applications. Chemistry notes for class 12 chapter 15 polymers the word polymer has a greek origin. Speciality polymers polymer physics download ebook pdf. The first chapter is shorter in order to allow time for student orientation. We come across polymers each and every minute we live. Since this introduction is necessarily brief, the reader desiring a more detailed discussion is referred to any of the many excellent introductory texts devoted to organic chemistry andor polymeric materials, such as references 1 through 3. Polymer chemistry complies with the advanced course definition given by the amer ican chemical society committee on professional training, building on the.
The most producedused polymers are homopolymers of terminal alkenes. In fact, more than 80% of the polymers on the tsca inventory are listed in terms of starting materials. New to this edition is coverage of polymer nanocomposites, and molecular interpretations. A polymer is a chemical compound with large molecules made of many smaller molecules of. Most polymers with the exception of certain polyglycols and derivatives, and siloxanes and silicones are represented on the inventory in terms of the starting materials from which they are manufactured. Many such small units combine to form a large single unit called a polymer. Examples are proteins, cellulose, starch, some resins and rubber. By definition a crystalline arrangement has atoms, ions, or in this case, molecules in a distinct pattern. A polymer is a large molecule made up of chains or rings of linked repeating subunits, which are called monomers. Intrinsic selfhealing the socalled intrinsic selfhealing polymers and polymer composites are based on specific performance of the polymers and polymeric matrices that enables crack healing under certain stimulation mostly heating.
Introduction to polymer science, chain structure and configuration, molecular weights and sizes, concentrated solutions and phase separation behavior, the amorphous state, the crystalline state, polymers in the liquid crystalline state, glassrubber transition behavior, crosslinked polymers and rubber elasticity. Natural rubber was first introduced to europe in the mid. Polymers usually contain many more than five monomers, and some may contain. Polymers range from familiar synthetic plastics such as polystyrene to natural biopolymers such as dna and proteins that. Polymers are substances containing a large number of structural units joined by the same type of linkage. But one unique feature of polymeric materials is that the molecular unit, the polymer chain, can be highly anisotropic, i. Polymers that are not highly crosslinked have properties that depend greatly on the forces that act between the chains. This definition of the term homopolymer is the sole exception to the tsca page 4. Polymer definition of polymer by the free dictionary. Pharmaceutical and biomedical applications of polymers pdf.
Polymers definition a synthetic fiber is also a chain of small units joined together. These substances often form into a chainlike structure. All chapter 15 polymers exercises questions with solutions to help you to revise complete syllabus and boost your score more in examinations. Polymers and the environment, emulsion polymerization, polymer science approach to physicochemical characterization and processing of pulse seeds, polymer characterization with the atomic force microscope, nonconventional method of polymer patterning, the properties and application of carbon nanostructures, electrokinetic potential and. This new edition reflects this growth and the continually expanding role of polymers. There is an increased emphasis on pictorializing, reinforcing, integrating, and interweaving the basic concepts. Definition, classification and applications article pdf available in egyptian journal of chemistry april 2019 with 1,917 reads. The polymer chains in objects that are translucent and opaque are in a crystalline arrangement. During the polymerization process, some chemical groups may be lost from each monomer. Cellulose derivatives as cellulose acetate rayon and cellulose. Free pdf download of ncert solutions for class 12 chemistry chapter 15 polymers solved by expert teachers as per ncert cbse textbook guidelines.
The term polymer is defined as very large molecules having high molecular mass 103107u. The word polymer comes from the greek prefix poly, which means many, and the suffix mer, which means parts. Sep 09, 2014 classification of polymers based on source 5 natural polymers. This is the case, for example, in the polymerization of pet polyester. Polymers synonyms, polymers pronunciation, polymers translation, english dictionary definition of polymers. Polymers and the environment, emulsion polymerization, polymer science approach to physicochemical characterization and processing of pulse seeds, polymer characterization with the atomic force microscope, nonconventional method of polymer patterning, the properties and application of carbon nanostructures, electrokinetic potential. Any of numerous natural and synthetic compounds of usually high molecular weight consisting of up to millions of repeated linked units, each a relatively light and simple molecule.
There are three different types based on the structure of the polymers. Since this introduction is necessarily brief, the reader desiring a more detailed discussion is referred to any of the many excellent introductory texts devoted to organic chemistry andor polymeric materials, such as references 1. Synthetic polymers for biomedical applications hindawi. Bassam ibrahim khalil introduction of polymers polymer the word polymer is the greek word.
Download pdf for free elastomers definition an elastomer is a polymer with viscoelasticity having both viscosity and elasticity and very weak intermolecular forces, generally having low youngs modulus and high failure strain compared with other materials. Polymers chemistry class 12 hindi ebooks, notes pdf download. Click download or read online button to get speciality polymers polymer physics book now. The word was coined by swedish chemist jons jacob berzelius 17791848 in 1833, although with a slightly different meaning from the modern definition. Polymers are formed by polymerization of monomers, which can either be of one type i. Fundamentals of polymer chemistry pdf 48p download book. The monomers are terephthalic acid hoocc 6 h 4cooh and ethylene glycol hoch 2ch 2oh but the repeating. Introduction to polymer chemistry definition, examples. These materials exist in countless form and numbers because of.
Polymers synthetic 1 thermoplastics plastics linear, some cross linking can be melted and reformed on heating a amorphous no ordered structure b semi crystalline compo sed of microscopic crystallites domains of crystalline structure. Polymer chemistry, sixth edition nanjing university. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymer structures. Pdf on may 28, 2008, gary wnek and others published polymers find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. Polymers polymers are the giant molecules of chemistry. Polymerization is the process of combining many small molecules known as monomers into a covalently bonded chain or network. Harris wright state university, dayton, oh 45435 polymers are extremely large molecules that are essential to our very existence. Introduction of polymers polymer the word polymer is the greek word. Examples are proteins, cellulose, starch, resins and rubber. A variety of synthetic polymers as plastic polythene, synthetic fibres nylon 6,6 and synthetic rubbers buna s are examples of manmade polymers extensively used in daily life as well as in industry. Mechanicalpropertiesof polymers kamyardavoudi october,20 materialsscienceseminar. Polymer definition and meaning collins english dictionary. Polymer is defined as a chemical substance of a high molecular mass formed by the combination of a large number of simple molecules, called monomers.
You generally think of crystalline structures in salt, gem stones, but not plastics. Polymers possess diverse properties because each polymer molecule is made of many parts monomers that vary in their sequence and the length of polymer chains brady et al. Mechanicalpropertiesof polymers harvard university. They are a main constituent of our food starch, protein, etc. This includes finite elastic behavior, linear viscoelasticity and mechanical relaxations, mechanical anisotropy, nonlinear viscoelasicity, yield behavior and fracture.